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The major English grammar structures not covered by the other learning modules, with rich examples, comparisons and randomized practice.
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A gerund is an -ing form functioning as a noun, for example as subject or object.
verb-ing as subject/objectpreposition + verb-ingEnglish often avoids repetition by omitting recoverable words or replacing them with forms such as one, do, so and neither.
I can swim and she can too.the red oneI think so.Have/get + object + past participle means that someone arranges for another person to perform a service or action.
have + object + past participleget + object + past participleIn existential there structures, the verb commonly agrees with the following notional subject in formal standard English. In relative clauses, agreement depends on the antecedent represented by the relative pronoun.
There is + singularThere are + pluralone of the people who are...English can emphasize a statement with do/does/did or focus information with it-clefts and what-clefts.
I do agree.It was X that...What I need is...Complex sentences can express purpose, result and concession with structures such as so that, so/such...that, although and even though.
so that + clauseso + adjective + thatsuch + noun phrase + thatalthough/even though + clauseEnglish verbs select different complement types: gerund, to-infinitive, bare infinitive, object + infinitive, or that-clause. These patterns must often be learned with the verb.
avoid doingdecide to dolet someone dowant someone to doinsist that + clauseWish/if only + past perfect expresses regret about a past event that cannot be changed.
wish/if only + had + past participleWould rather can express preference; with a different subject it often takes a past form. It’s time can also take a past form for desired action now.
would rather + base verbwould rather + subject + pastit is time + subject + pastParticiple clauses compress information when the understood subject is the same as the subject of the main clause.
Walking home, ...Built in 1900, ...Having finished, ...Defining relatives identify which person or thing; non-defining relatives add extra information and are set off by commas.
noun + defining relativenoun, non-defining relative,An independent clause can stand alone; a dependent clause needs another clause to complete the meaning.
Independent clauseSubordinator + dependent clauseA noun clause functions like a noun; an adverb clause adds information about time, reason, condition, contrast or purpose.
I know + that-clausewhat/why/how + clausesubordinator + adverb clauseIn formal style, a preposition may come before whom or which. In less formal English the preposition often stays at the end of the relative clause.
the person to whom I spokethe company for which she worksA complete sentence needs an independent clause. Two independent clauses need correct coordination or punctuation such as a period, semicolon, or comma plus coordinator.
independent clause. Independent clause.independent clause; independent clauseindependent clause, and/but/so independent clauseFormal English often reports general beliefs or claims with impersonal passive structures or subject + passive reporting verb + infinitive.
It is said that + clauseSubject + is said/believed/thought + to-infinitiveObjects receive the action, while complements describe or identify the subject or object.
S + V + OS + linking V + subject complementS + V + O + object complementThe second conditional expresses unreal, imaginary or unlikely present and future situations.
If + past simple, would + base verbReported questions use statement word order and normally do not use do/does/did.
asked + wh-word + subject + verbasked + if/whether + subject + verbAfter certain verbs and adjectives, especially in formal American English, a that-clause may use the base verb for all subjects.
recommend that + subject + base verbit is essential that + subject + base verbThe passive keeps the tense in the auxiliary be while the main verb stays in the past participle form.
is done / was done / has been done / will be done / is being doneAs if/as though can introduce comparisons that are real or unreal. A past form can signal an unreal present comparison, and past perfect can signal an unreal past comparison.
as if/as though + presentas if/as though + pastas if/as though + past perfectWhose expresses possession; where relates to places; when relates to times, though preposition + which is also possible in formal style.
person whose + nounplace where + clausetime when + clauseFormal emphasis can place a negative or restrictive adverbial first and invert the auxiliary and subject.
Never have I...Rarely do they...Not only did she...Having + past participle shows that one action was completed before the action in the main clause. The passive form is having been + past participle.
Having + past participle, main clauseHaving been + past participle, main clauseCollective nouns and expressions of amount can take singular or plural agreement depending on meaning and variety of English.
A team is... / The team are...Ten dollars is...The zero conditional describes general results; the first conditional describes a real future possibility.
If + present, presentIf + present, will + base verbReported speech retells what someone said, often with tense backshift when the reporting verb is in the past.
said (that) + clausetold + object + clauseIn formal literary style, so + adjective or such + be can be fronted and followed by inversion for strong emphasis.
So + adjective + auxiliary + subject + that...Such + be + noun phrase + that...Formal conditionals can omit if and invert had, were or should with the subject.
Had I known, ...Were I you, ...Should you need help, ...The passive focuses on the receiver of an action. It is formed with be plus a past participle.
be + past participleObject of active sentence → subject of passiveIn the present simple, third-person singular subjects normally take a verb ending in -s; plural subjects use the base form.
He/She/It + verb-sI/You/We/They + base verbCommands are commonly reported with tell/ask + object + infinitive; time and place words may change according to viewpoint.
told/asked + object + to-infinitivenow → then; today → that day; here → thereEnglish clauses are built around a subject and a verb, with optional objects, complements and adverbials.
Subject + VerbSubject + Verb + ObjectSubject + Linking Verb + ComplementWish + past form commonly expresses dissatisfaction with the present; wish + would can express a desired change in behavior or situation.
wish + past simplewish + would + base verbConditional meaning can be expressed with alternatives to if. Unless means if not; provided that and as long as express a necessary condition.
unless + affirmative clauseprovided/providing that + clauseas long as + clauseEnglish relies strongly on word order. Frequency adverbs usually go before a lexical verb but after be.
Subject + adverb + lexical verbSubject + be + adverbVerb + object + manner/place/timeSome relative clauses can be reduced to participle phrases when the meaning remains clear.
people who live here → people living hereproducts that were made locally → products made locallyThird conditionals imagine a different past; mixed conditionals connect an unreal past with a present result or vice versa.
If + past perfect, would have + past participleIf + past perfect, would + base verbPresent participles often describe an active or ongoing relation; past participles often describe a completed or passive relation.
verb-ingpast participle (V3)Writers and speakers can move an element to the front to establish a topic, contrast or emphasis, especially in literary and conversational styles.
Fronted adverbial + clauseObject/topic + clause/commentDifferent reporting verbs take different complements: infinitive, gerund, object + infinitive, or that-clause.
agree to dodeny doingadvise object to dosuggest that + clause / suggest doingWith some verbs, gerund and infinitive are both possible but the meaning changes, such as remember, stop and try.
remember doing / remember to dostop doing / stop to dotry doing / try to doA relative pronoun can sometimes be omitted when it is the object of a defining relative clause, but not when it is the subject.
the book (that) I boughtthe man who calledItems joined in a list or comparison should normally have matching grammatical form.
to read, to write, and to speakreading, writing, and speakingWords such as each, every, either and neither are normally singular when they are the grammatical head of the subject.
Each/Every + singular noun + singular verbEither/Neither + singular verbSome verbs take to + infinitive, while modal verbs and certain structures take a bare infinitive.
want to gocan golet/make + object + base verbCoordinators link equal units; subordinators make one clause dependent on another.
clause, and/but/so clausebecause/although/when + clauseCards are shuffled on each fresh page load. Use the controls to focus the lesson set.
A complete sentence needs an independent clause. Two independent clauses need correct coordination or punctuation such as a period, semicolon, or comma plus coordinator.
independent clause. Independent clause.independent clause; independent clauseindependent clause, and/but/so independent clauseObjects receive the action, while complements describe or identify the subject or object.
S + V + OS + linking V + subject complementS + V + O + object complementEnglish clauses are built around a subject and a verb, with optional objects, complements and adverbials.
Subject + VerbSubject + Verb + ObjectSubject + Linking Verb + ComplementEnglish relies strongly on word order. Frequency adverbs usually go before a lexical verb but after be.
Subject + adverb + lexical verbSubject + be + adverbVerb + object + manner/place/timeCards are shuffled on each fresh page load. Use the controls to focus the lesson set.
Complex sentences can express purpose, result and concession with structures such as so that, so/such...that, although and even though.
so that + clauseso + adjective + thatsuch + noun phrase + thatalthough/even though + clauseAn independent clause can stand alone; a dependent clause needs another clause to complete the meaning.
Independent clauseSubordinator + dependent clauseA noun clause functions like a noun; an adverb clause adds information about time, reason, condition, contrast or purpose.
I know + that-clausewhat/why/how + clausesubordinator + adverb clauseCoordinators link equal units; subordinators make one clause dependent on another.
clause, and/but/so clausebecause/although/when + clauseCards are shuffled on each fresh page load. Use the controls to focus the lesson set.
In existential there structures, the verb commonly agrees with the following notional subject in formal standard English. In relative clauses, agreement depends on the antecedent represented by the relative pronoun.
There is + singularThere are + pluralone of the people who are...Collective nouns and expressions of amount can take singular or plural agreement depending on meaning and variety of English.
A team is... / The team are...Ten dollars is...In the present simple, third-person singular subjects normally take a verb ending in -s; plural subjects use the base form.
He/She/It + verb-sI/You/We/They + base verbWords such as each, every, either and neither are normally singular when they are the grammatical head of the subject.
Each/Every + singular noun + singular verbEither/Neither + singular verbCards are shuffled on each fresh page load. Use the controls to focus the lesson set.
The second conditional expresses unreal, imaginary or unlikely present and future situations.
If + past simple, would + base verbThe zero conditional describes general results; the first conditional describes a real future possibility.
If + present, presentIf + present, will + base verbConditional meaning can be expressed with alternatives to if. Unless means if not; provided that and as long as express a necessary condition.
unless + affirmative clauseprovided/providing that + clauseas long as + clauseThird conditionals imagine a different past; mixed conditionals connect an unreal past with a present result or vice versa.
If + past perfect, would have + past participleIf + past perfect, would + base verbCards are shuffled on each fresh page load. Use the controls to focus the lesson set.
Have/get + object + past participle means that someone arranges for another person to perform a service or action.
have + object + past participleget + object + past participleFormal English often reports general beliefs or claims with impersonal passive structures or subject + passive reporting verb + infinitive.
It is said that + clauseSubject + is said/believed/thought + to-infinitiveThe passive keeps the tense in the auxiliary be while the main verb stays in the past participle form.
is done / was done / has been done / will be done / is being doneThe passive focuses on the receiver of an action. It is formed with be plus a past participle.
be + past participleObject of active sentence → subject of passiveCards are shuffled on each fresh page load. Use the controls to focus the lesson set.
Reported questions use statement word order and normally do not use do/does/did.
asked + wh-word + subject + verbasked + if/whether + subject + verbReported speech retells what someone said, often with tense backshift when the reporting verb is in the past.
said (that) + clausetold + object + clauseCommands are commonly reported with tell/ask + object + infinitive; time and place words may change according to viewpoint.
told/asked + object + to-infinitivenow → then; today → that day; here → thereDifferent reporting verbs take different complements: infinitive, gerund, object + infinitive, or that-clause.
agree to dodeny doingadvise object to dosuggest that + clause / suggest doingCards are shuffled on each fresh page load. Use the controls to focus the lesson set.
A gerund is an -ing form functioning as a noun, for example as subject or object.
verb-ing as subject/objectpreposition + verb-ingEnglish verbs select different complement types: gerund, to-infinitive, bare infinitive, object + infinitive, or that-clause. These patterns must often be learned with the verb.
avoid doingdecide to dolet someone dowant someone to doinsist that + clauseWith some verbs, gerund and infinitive are both possible but the meaning changes, such as remember, stop and try.
remember doing / remember to dostop doing / stop to dotry doing / try to doSome verbs take to + infinitive, while modal verbs and certain structures take a bare infinitive.
want to gocan golet/make + object + base verbCards are shuffled on each fresh page load. Use the controls to focus the lesson set.
Participle clauses compress information when the understood subject is the same as the subject of the main clause.
Walking home, ...Built in 1900, ...Having finished, ...Having + past participle shows that one action was completed before the action in the main clause. The passive form is having been + past participle.
Having + past participle, main clauseHaving been + past participle, main clauseSome relative clauses can be reduced to participle phrases when the meaning remains clear.
people who live here → people living hereproducts that were made locally → products made locallyPresent participles often describe an active or ongoing relation; past participles often describe a completed or passive relation.
verb-ingpast participle (V3)Cards are shuffled on each fresh page load. Use the controls to focus the lesson set.
Defining relatives identify which person or thing; non-defining relatives add extra information and are set off by commas.
noun + defining relativenoun, non-defining relative,In formal style, a preposition may come before whom or which. In less formal English the preposition often stays at the end of the relative clause.
the person to whom I spokethe company for which she worksWhose expresses possession; where relates to places; when relates to times, though preposition + which is also possible in formal style.
person whose + nounplace where + clausetime when + clauseA relative pronoun can sometimes be omitted when it is the object of a defining relative clause, but not when it is the subject.
the book (that) I boughtthe man who calledCards are shuffled on each fresh page load. Use the controls to focus the lesson set.
Wish/if only + past perfect expresses regret about a past event that cannot be changed.
wish/if only + had + past participleWould rather can express preference; with a different subject it often takes a past form. It’s time can also take a past form for desired action now.
would rather + base verbwould rather + subject + pastit is time + subject + pastAs if/as though can introduce comparisons that are real or unreal. A past form can signal an unreal present comparison, and past perfect can signal an unreal past comparison.
as if/as though + presentas if/as though + pastas if/as though + past perfectWish + past form commonly expresses dissatisfaction with the present; wish + would can express a desired change in behavior or situation.
wish + past simplewish + would + base verbCards are shuffled on each fresh page load. Use the controls to focus the lesson set.
English can emphasize a statement with do/does/did or focus information with it-clefts and what-clefts.
I do agree.It was X that...What I need is...Formal emphasis can place a negative or restrictive adverbial first and invert the auxiliary and subject.
Never have I...Rarely do they...Not only did she...In formal literary style, so + adjective or such + be can be fronted and followed by inversion for strong emphasis.
So + adjective + auxiliary + subject + that...Such + be + noun phrase + that...Formal conditionals can omit if and invert had, were or should with the subject.
Had I known, ...Were I you, ...Should you need help, ...Cards are shuffled on each fresh page load. Use the controls to focus the lesson set.
English often avoids repetition by omitting recoverable words or replacing them with forms such as one, do, so and neither.
I can swim and she can too.the red oneI think so.After certain verbs and adjectives, especially in formal American English, a that-clause may use the base verb for all subjects.
recommend that + subject + base verbit is essential that + subject + base verbWriters and speakers can move an element to the front to establish a topic, contrast or emphasis, especially in literary and conversational styles.
Fronted adverbial + clauseObject/topic + clause/commentItems joined in a list or comparison should normally have matching grammatical form.
to read, to write, and to speakreading, writing, and speakingSide-by-side study cards for grammar distinctions learners commonly mix up.
English often avoids repetition by omitting recoverable words or replacing them with forms such as one, do, so and neither.
I can swim and she can too.the red oneI think so.Wish/if only + past perfect expresses regret about a past event that cannot be changed.
wish/if only + had + past participleDefining relatives identify which person or thing; non-defining relatives add extra information and are set off by commas.
noun + defining relativenoun, non-defining relative,An independent clause can stand alone; a dependent clause needs another clause to complete the meaning.
Independent clauseSubordinator + dependent clauseReported questions use statement word order and normally do not use do/does/did.
asked + wh-word + subject + verbasked + if/whether + subject + verbThe passive keeps the tense in the auxiliary be while the main verb stays in the past participle form.
is done / was done / has been done / will be done / is being doneFormal emphasis can place a negative or restrictive adverbial first and invert the auxiliary and subject.
Never have I...Rarely do they...Not only did she...English relies strongly on word order. Frequency adverbs usually go before a lexical verb but after be.
Subject + adverb + lexical verbSubject + be + adverbVerb + object + manner/place/timeSome relative clauses can be reduced to participle phrases when the meaning remains clear.
people who live here → people living hereproducts that were made locally → products made locallyThird conditionals imagine a different past; mixed conditionals connect an unreal past with a present result or vice versa.
If + past perfect, would have + past participleIf + past perfect, would + base verbWith some verbs, gerund and infinitive are both possible but the meaning changes, such as remember, stop and try.
remember doing / remember to dostop doing / stop to dotry doing / try to doWords such as each, every, either and neither are normally singular when they are the grammatical head of the subject.
Each/Every + singular noun + singular verbEither/Neither + singular verbExamples come from the editable lesson database and change order each load.
Questions and answer choices are randomized for every new attempt.
This article provides a comprehensive, all-in-one guide to English conditionals (Zero, First, Second, Third, and Mixed), designed for intermediate learners at levels B1 to B2 who want to express possibilities, hypotheses, and consequences with precision and confidence.
The essential idea you must understand is that conditionals are "if-then" statements that express cause and effect, possibilities, hypothetical situations, and regrets. Each conditional has a specific structure and meaning — from general truths to impossible past regrets.
You will discover why the incorrect If I will see her, I will tell her. becomes the correct If I see her, I will tell her., and how mastering all five conditionals can dramatically improve your English fluency.
The key question to keep in mind is: How likely is this situation — real, possible, unlikely, or impossible?
The main rule to remember is: In conditional sentences, the "if" clause contains the condition, and the main clause contains the result. The verb tenses depend on how likely the condition is.
By the end of this lesson, you will be able to use all five conditionals correctly to express everything from scientific facts to dreams and regrets.
Conditionals are sentences that express cause and effect — they say that something will happen if something else happens. They always have two parts: the "if" clause (condition) and the main clause (result).
| Type | Use | Structure | Example |
|---|---|---|---|
| Zero | General truths / Facts | If + present, present | If you heat ice, it melts. |
| First | Real / Possible future | If + present, will + infinitive | If it rains, I will stay home. |
| Second | Unreal / Unlikely present/future | If + past, would + infinitive | If I won the lottery, I would travel. |
| Third | Unreal past (regrets) | If + past perfect, would have + past participle | If I had studied, I would have passed. |
| Mixed | Unreal past with present result | If + past perfect, would + infinitive | If I had studied, I would be a doctor now. |
To choose the correct conditional, ask yourself:
100% True / Always
"If you heat water, it boils."
50-90% Possible
"If it rains, I'll stay home."
10-30% Unlikely
"If I won, I'd travel."
0% Impossible (past)
"If I had studied, I'd have passed."
Past → Present
"If I had studied, I'd be a doctor."
The Zero Conditional expresses things that are always true — scientific facts, general truths, and habits. The result is always 100% certain.
Structure: If + present simple, present simple
The First Conditional expresses real and possible situations in the future. There is a real chance that the condition will happen.
Structure: If + present simple, will + base verb
⚠️ Important: The "if" clause never uses "will" — it uses present simple.
The Second Conditional expresses unlikely, hypothetical, or imaginary situations in the present or future. The condition is not real or very unlikely.
Structure: If + past simple, would + base verb
The Third Conditional expresses impossible situations in the past. We use it to talk about regrets, missed opportunities, and things that didn't happen.
Structure: If + past perfect, would have + past participle
The Mixed Conditional connects the past with the present. It talks about a past action that affects the present situation. The condition is in the past, but the result is in the present.
Structure: If + past perfect, would + base verb
Meaning: This is a scientific fact. Every time you heat water to 100°C, it boils. The result is 100% certain.
Why it works: Both clauses use the present simple tense. This shows that the condition and result are always true.
Key question: How likely is this situation? → 100% true / Always → So we use the Zero Conditional.
Meaning: There is a real chance that it will rain tomorrow. If it does, I will stay home.
Why it works: The "if" clause uses the present simple ("rains"), and the main clause uses will + base verb ("will stay"). This shows a real, possible future situation.
Key question: How likely is this situation? → 50-90% possible → So we use the First Conditional.
⚠️ Remember: The "if" clause never uses "will" — it uses present simple.
Meaning: Winning the lottery is very unlikely, but I am imagining what I would do if it happened.
Why it works: The "if" clause uses the past simple ("won"), and the main clause uses would + base verb ("would travel"). This shows an unlikely or imaginary situation.
Key question: How likely is this situation? → 10-30% unlikely → So we use the Second Conditional.
💡 Tip: In this type, we often say "If I were rich" instead of "If I was rich" — especially in formal English.
Meaning: I am not you, so this is a hypothetical situation. I am giving you advice based on what I would do if I were in your position.
Why it works: This uses the second conditional structure. "Were" is used with all subjects in this fixed expression.
💡 Important: "If I were you" is a fixed expression — you cannot say "If I was you" in formal contexts.
Meaning: I didn't study hard in the past, and I failed the exam. Now I regret it, but I cannot change it.
Why it works: The "if" clause uses the past perfect ("had studied"), and the main clause uses would have + past participle ("would have passed"). This shows an impossible past situation.
Key question: How likely is this situation? → 0% impossible (past) → So we use the Third Conditional.
💡 Remember: The third conditional is often used to express regret about the past.
Meaning: I didn't study medicine in the past, so I am not a doctor now. The past action affects the present situation.
Why it works: The "if" clause uses the past perfect ("had studied") — condition in the past. The main clause uses would + base verb ("would be") — result in the present.
Key question: How likely is this situation? → Past condition, present result → So we use the Mixed Conditional.
💡 Key Difference: Third conditional = past + past. Mixed conditional = past + present.
Meaning: This is a general truth about my habit. Every time I drink coffee late, the result is the same.
Why it works: Both clauses use the present simple tense. This shows a general truth or habit.
Meaning: There is a real possibility that you won't wear a helmet. If that happens, you will get a fine.
Why it works: The "if" clause uses the present simple ("don't wear"), and the main clause uses will + base verb ("will get"). This is a clear warning about a possible future consequence.
In conditional sentences, the "if" clause never uses "will". Use the present simple in the "if" clause for the first conditional.
Remember: Only the main clause can use "will."
In the second conditional, the "if" clause uses the past simple, not "would." "Would" is for the main clause only.
Remember: The "if" clause never uses "would" — only the main clause does.
The verb tense in the "if" clause determines the conditional type and the main clause verb.
Remember: Choose the conditional based on how likely the situation is.
Both sentences are correct — they have different meanings. The third conditional talks about a past result. The mixed conditional talks about a present result of a past action.
Remember: Use the third conditional for past results. Use the mixed conditional for present results of past actions.
In formal English, we use "were" with all subjects (I, he, she, it) in the second conditional. In informal English, "was" is sometimes used.
Remember: "If I were you" is a fixed expression — always use "were."
Choose the correct conditional type (Zero, First, Second, Third, or Mixed) for each sentence:
Fill in the blanks with the correct verb forms:
Write one sentence for each conditional type:
Write a short paragraph (5-7 sentences) about a decision you made in the past and how it affects your present life. Use at least three different conditionals.
What is the key question you should ask yourself when choosing a conditional?
What type of conditional is this sentence? "If I had known, I would have helped."
Why? The "if" clause uses past perfect ("had known"), and the main clause uses "would have + past participle" ("would have helped"). This talks about an impossible past situation.
What is the golden rule about the "if" clause and "will" / "would"?
What is wrong with: "If I would win the lottery, I would travel."
Why? The "if" clause in the second conditional uses the past simple ("won"), not "would win." "Would" belongs only in the main clause.
Write a sentence using the mixed conditional (past condition, present result).
Analysis: Past condition ("had studied") + present result ("would have"). This is the mixed conditional.
To complete your journey with English conditionals, review these key points and use this checklist to ensure you've mastered everything.
100% True
"If you heat ice, it melts."
Possible future
"If it rains, I'll stay."
Unlikely present
"If I won, I'd travel."
Impossible past
"If I had studied, I'd have passed."
Past → Present
"If I had studied, I'd be a doctor."
Ask the key question: How likely is this situation — real/true, possible, unlikely, or impossible?
Remember the golden rule: The "if" clause never uses "will" or "would" — only the main clause does.
Match the tenses correctly: Each conditional has a specific structure. Learn the patterns and practice them.
Compare your sentences with correct models: Before finishing, compare your sentences with the examples in this article to catch any errors.
🔑 Remember: Choose your conditional based on how likely the situation is. The "if" clause never uses "will" or "would" — only the main clause does. What's your situation — real, possible, unlikely, or impossible?
Browse, compare, learn usage, and practice with randomized quizzes from one learning card.
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leave a place quietly or earlier than expected
I may duck out of the meeting a little early.
eat a meal in a restaurant instead of at home
We usually eat out on Friday nights.
stop or deactivate a machine, device, or system
Please power down the computer before you leave.
put clothing or an accessory on your body
You should throw on a jacket before going outside.
recover from an illness, difficulty, shock, or setback
It took him weeks to get over the illness.
escape from a place, person, or difficult situation
They managed to get away before anyone noticed.
buy all or most of another person’s ownership in a company or business
A larger company may buy out the startup.
make a problem, confusion, or weather condition clear
We should clear up this misunderstanding today.
move or arrange people or things over a wider area
Please spread out the chairs so there is more space.
withdraw politely from an activity, position, or competition
She decided to bow out of the competition.
give or distribute something to several people
Please give out these papers to the class.
connect a device to an electrical power source or socket
Please plug in the charger.
return to a place or previous situation
We should go back before it gets dark.
feel pleased and excited about something in the future
We look forward to seeing you next week.
lose consciousness for a short time
A person can black out from extreme heat.
suddenly become silent and refuse to talk
He clammed up when they asked about the mistake.
stop or deactivate a machine, device, or system
Please switch off the computer before you leave.
telephone someone
I will ring up you after dinner.
withdraw from a place, plan, agreement, or competition
The company may pull out of the agreement.
introduce or launch a new product, service, or program
The company will roll out the new system gradually.